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《西游记》主要描写的是孙悟空保唐僧西天取经，历经九九八十一难的故事。唐僧取经是历史上一件真实的事。大约距今一千三百多年前，即唐太宗贞观元年（627），年仅25岁的青年和尚玄奘离开京城长安，只身到天竺（印度）游学。他从长安出发后，途经中亚、阿富汗、巴基斯坦，历尽艰难险阻，到达了印度。他在那里学习了两年多，并在一次大型佛教经学辩论会任主讲，受到了赞誉。贞观十九年（645）玄奘回到了长安，带回佛经657部。他这次西天取经，前后十九年，行程几万里，是一次传奇式的万里长征，轰动一时。后来玄奘口述西行见闻，由弟子辩机辑录成《大唐西域记》十二卷。但这部书主要讲述了路上所见各国的历史、地理及交通，没有什么故事。及到他的弟子慧立、彦琮撰写的《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》，则为玄奘的经历增添了许多神话色彩，从此，唐僧取经的故事便开始在民间广为流传。南宋有《大唐三藏取经诗话》，金代院本有《唐三藏》、《蟠桃会》等，元杂剧有吴昌龄的《唐三藏西天取经》、无名氏的《二郎神锁齐大圣》等，这些都为《西游记》的创作奠定了基础。吴承恩也正是在民间传说和话本、戏曲的基础上，经过艰苦的再创造，完成了这部令中华民族为之骄傲的伟大文学巨著。

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