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柏拉图在《理想国》中以故事为题材，叙述苏格拉底到贝尔斯祷神，归途被派拉麦克邀往家中，宾主滔滔谈论起来。两人的辩论从各个角度暴露奴隶主阶级的哲学思想、政治思想、艺术思想及教育思想。故事中的苏格拉底是虚拟的、假托的，实际上就是柏拉图的代言人。文中借苏格拉底之口和人讨论正义，分析个人正义与城邦正义之间的互通性，系统地阐述了正义的概念。柏拉图设计并展望着心目中理想国度的蓝图，提出在“理想国”中才能真正实现正义。

《理想国》共十卷。第一、二卷讨论公道正义问题。因为在柏拉图的思想中，国家的建立是为求实现公道正义，所以这两章概括了全书的主旨。从第二卷后半到第三卷，讨论卫国者的教育，也是执政者的初级阶段教育。第四卷讨论教育的效能与领导，还谈及节制、勇敢、睿智、正义等的意义。第五卷讨论学前教育和妇女教育。第六卷和第七卷讨论哲学家的培养，也就是执政者的高级阶段教育。第八卷、九卷谈论政体。第十卷谈论艺术。

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