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　本书是哈耶克生前最后一部作品，也是他非常重要和非常具有代表性的著作之一。这部著作不同于以往，在某种程度上，它实际上是“哈耶克对自己毕生所反对‘极权社会主义’的思想努力的总结”。正是由于本书集中体现了哈耶克全面而系统地批判他所谓的“社会主义”的主题，认为“社会主义”的思想主张是一种“致命的自负”、“一种谬误”，它的译介出版势必会在中国读者中产生影响。事实上，哈耶克的“所谓‘极权社会主义’是指20世纪上半叶出现在欧洲的那种‘社会主义’，它与20世纪后半叶在亚非拉民族独立运动中崛起的‘第三世界社会主义’有本质的不同。欧洲的社会主义，与它的对立物—欧洲资本主义一样，被韦伯定义为‘理性社会主义’，与‘理性资本主义’构成一对政治范畴。在这样的思想视角下，哈耶克以这本书的副标题—‘社会主义的谬误’挑明了对‘社会主义’的批判，就应当被理解为是对‘理性社会主义’及其思想根源—‘建构理性’的批判”。哈耶克的矛头所向实际上是指韦伯等代表人物鼓吹的西方国家中的多数“左派”政党所吹捧的那个“社会主义理想”。

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