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《通往奴役之路》一书在哈耶克的学术生涯中占有极其重要的地位，这本书为他赢得了广泛的注意，其世界性声誉就是由此奠定的。他在这本书中论证道，当时正在计划中的福利国家不是为个人自由的战斗在和平时期的继续，倒是朝着专制的方向迈出了一步。因此，他认为追求计划经济，其无意识后果必然是极权主义。为了反对这种计划经济，哈耶克有力地重申了他一贯坚持的古典自由主义观点，同时，也允许适度的政府活动，但这仅限于符合他的法治概念的那些活动形式。应该强调的是，哈耶克的自由主义包括对许多有用的社会制度的赞赏，但这些制度只能是人的自发行动的后果，而不能是人设计的结果。这一论点是从休谟、亚当·斯密和苏格兰历史学派那里继承过来的，它在哈耶克的著作中占据了重要位置。由此出发，哈耶克认为，良好的社会不是简单地依赖于在政府所提供的法律框架内追求私利，相反，它应依赖于一套复杂的法律、道义传统和行为规则的框架，这套框架的特点应该为大多数社会成员所理解和认同。

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